Cardinal model

The cardinal model below covers the full set of cardinal measures needed by all managers at all levels – causes and effects are indicated by the connecting arrows but it’s impossible to be more precise

Managers cannot just focus on one or two of the above cardinals and ignore the rest – they must always be considered all together
They should also be considered simultaneously so as to avoid sub-optimisation – otherwise a headache may be diagnosed when pancreatic cancer is the problem
This model links all cardinal measures at all levels and shows the intuitive ’cause and effect’ inter-relationships between each one

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